
- Electrical Machines - Home
- Basic Concepts
- Electromechanical Energy Conversion
- Energy Stored in Magnetic Field
- Singly-Excited and Doubly Excited Systems
- Rotating Electrical Machines
- Electrical Machines Types
- Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
- Concept of Induced EMF
- Fleming's Left Hand and Right Hand Rules
- Transformers
- Electrical Transformer
- Construction of Transformer
- EMF Equation of Transformer
- Turns Ratio and Voltage Transformation Ratio
- Ideal Transformer
- Practical Transformer
- Ideal and Practical Transformers
- Transformer on DC
- Losses in a Transformer
- Efficiency of Transformer
- 3-Phase Transformer
- Types of Transformers
- More on Transformers
- Transformer Working Principle
- Single-Phase Transformer Working Principle
- 3-Phase Transformer Principle
- 3-Phase Induction Motor Torque-Slip
- 3-Phase Induction Motor Torque-Speed
- 3-Phase Transformer Harmonics
- Double-Star Connection (3-6 Phase)
- Double-delta Connection (3-6 Phase)
- Transformer Ratios
- Voltage Regulation
- Delta-Star Connection (3-Phase)
- Star-Delta Connection (3-Phase)
- Autotransformer Conversion
- Back-to-back Test (Sumpner's Test)
- Transformer Voltage Drop
- Autotransformer Output
- Open and Short Circuit Test
- 3-Phase Autotransformer
- Star-Star Connection
- 6-Phase Diametrical Connections
- Circuit Test (Three-Winding)
- Potential Transformer
- Transformers Parallel Operation
- Open Delta (V-V) Connection
- Autotransformer
- Current Transformer
- No-Load Current Wave
- Transformer Inrush Current
- Transformer Vector Groups
- 3 to 12-Phase Transformers
- Scott-T Transformer Connection
- Transformer kVA Rating
- Three-Winding Transformer
- Delta-Delta Connection Transformer
- Transformer DC Supply Issue
- Equivalent Circuit Transformer
- Simplified Equivalent Circuit of Transformer
- Transformer No-Load Condition
- Transformer Load Condition
- OTI WTI Transformer
- CVT Transformer
- Isolation vs Regular Transformer
- Dry vs Oil-Filled
- DC Machines
- Construction of DC Machines
- Types of DC Machines
- Working Principle of DC Generator
- EMF Equation of DC Generator
- Derivation of EMF Equation DC Generator
- Types of DC Generators
- Working Principle of DC Motor
- Back EMF in DC Motor
- Types of DC Motors
- Losses in DC Machines
- Applications of DC Machines
- More on DC Machines
- DC Generator
- DC Generator Armature Reaction
- DC Generator Commutator Action
- Stepper vs DC Motors
- DC Shunt Generators Critical Resistance
- DC Machines Commutation
- DC Motor Characteristics
- Synchronous Generator Working Principle
- DC Generator Characteristics
- DC Generator Demagnetizing & Cross-Magnetizing
- DC Motor Voltage & Power Equations
- DC Generator Efficiency
- Electric Breaking of DC Motors
- DC Motor Efficiency
- Four Quadrant Operation of DC Motors
- Open Circuit Characteristics of DC Generators
- Voltage Build-Up in Self-Excited DC Generators
- Types of Armature Winding in DC Machines
- Torque in DC Motors
- Swinburne’s Test of DC Machine
- Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor
- Speed Control of DC Series Motor
- DC Motor of Speed Regulation
- Hopkinson's Test
- Permanent Magnet DC Motor
- Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor
- DC Servo Motor Theory
- DC Series vs Shunt Motor
- BLDC Motor vs PMSM Motor
- Induction Motors
- Introduction to Induction Motor
- Single-Phase Induction Motor
- 3-Phase Induction Motor
- Construction of 3-Phase Induction Motor
- 3-Phase Induction Motor on Load
- Characteristics of 3-Phase Induction Motor
- Speed Regulation and Speed Control
- Methods of Starting 3-Phase Induction Motors
- More on Induction Motors
- 3-Phase Induction Motor Working Principle
- 3-Phase Induction Motor Rotor Parameters
- Double Cage Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
- Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit Models
- Slip Ring vs Squirrel Cage Induction Motors
- Single-Cage vs Double-Cage Induction Motor
- Induction Motor Equivalent Circuits
- Induction Motor Crawling & Cogging
- Induction Motor Blocked Rotor Test
- Induction Motor Circle Diagram
- 3-Phase Induction Motors Applications
- 3-Phase Induction Motors Torque Ratios
- Induction Motors Power Flow Diagram & Losses
- Determining Induction Motor Efficiency
- Induction Motor Speed Control by Pole-Amplitude Modulation
- Induction Motor Inverted or Rotor Fed
- High Torque Cage Motors
- Double-Cage Induction Motor Torque-Slip Characteristics
- 3-Phase Induction Motors Starting Torque
- 3-phase Induction Motor - Rotor Resistance Starter
- 3-phase Induction Motor Running Torque
- 3-Phase Induction Motor - Rotating Magnetic Field
- Isolated Induction Generator
- Capacitor-Start Induction Motor
- Capacitor-Start Capacitor-Run Induction Motor
- Winding EMFs in 3-Phase Induction Motors
- Split-Phase Induction Motor
- Shaded Pole Induction Motor
- Repulsion-Start Induction-Run Motor
- Repulsion Induction Motor
- PSC Induction Motor
- Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Analysis
- Linear Induction Motor
- Single-Phase Induction Motor Testing
- 3-Phase Induction Motor Fault Types
- Synchronous Machines
- Introduction to 3-Phase Synchronous Machines
- Construction of Synchronous Machine
- Working of 3-Phase Alternator
- Armature Reaction in Synchronous Machines
- Output Power of 3-Phase Alternator
- Losses and Efficiency of an Alternator
- Losses and Efficiency of 3-Phase Alternator
- Working of 3-Phase Synchronous Motor
- Equivalent Circuit and Power Factor of Synchronous Motor
- Power Developed by Synchronous Motor
- More on Synchronous Machines
- AC Motor Types
- Induction Generator (Asynchronous Generator)
- Synchronous Speed Slip of 3-Phase Induction Motor
- Armature Reaction in Alternator at Leading Power Factor
- Armature Reaction in Alternator at Lagging Power Factor
- Stationary Armature vs Rotating Field Alternator Advantages
- Synchronous Impedance Method for Voltage Regulation
- Saturated & Unsaturated Synchronous Reactance
- Synchronous Reactance & Impedance
- Significance of Short Circuit Ratio in Alternator
- Hunting Effect Alternator
- Hydrogen Cooling in Synchronous Generators
- Excitation System of Synchronous Machine
- Equivalent Circuit Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generator
- EMF Equation of Synchronous Generator
- Cooling Methods for Synchronous Generators
- Assumptions in Synchronous Impedance Method
- Armature Reaction at Unity Power Factor
- Voltage Regulation of Alternator
- Synchronous Generator with Infinite Bus Operation
- Zero Power Factor of Synchronous Generator
- Short Circuit Ratio Calculation of Synchronous Machines
- Speed-Frequency Relationship in Alternator
- Pitch Factor in Alternator
- Max Reactive Power in Synchronous Generators
- Power Flow Equations for Synchronous Generator
- Potier Triangle for Voltage Regulation in Alternators
- Parallel Operation of Alternators
- Load Sharing in Parallel Alternators
- Slip Test on Synchronous Machine
- Constant Flux Linkage Theorem
- Blondel's Two Reaction Theory
- Synchronous Machine Oscillations
- Ampere Turn Method for Voltage Regulation
- Salient Pole Synchronous Machine Theory
- Synchronization by Synchroscope
- Synchronization by Synchronizing Lamp Method
- Sudden Short Circuit in 3-Phase Alternator
- Short Circuit Transient in Synchronous Machines
- Power-Angle of Salient Pole Machines
- Prime-Mover Governor Characteristics
- Power Input of Synchronous Generator
- Power Output of Synchronous Generator
- Power Developed by Salient Pole Motor
- Phasor Diagrams of Cylindrical Rotor Moto
- Synchronous Motor Excitation Voltage Determination
- Hunting Synchronous Motor
- Self-Starting Synchronous Motor
- Unidirectional Torque Production in Synchronous Motor
- Effect of Load Change on Synchronous Motor
- Field Excitation Effect on Synchronous Motor
- Output Power of Synchronous Motor
- Input Power of Synchronous Motor
- V Curves & Inverted V Curves of Synchronous Motor
- Torque in Synchronous Motor
- Construction of 3-Phase Synchronous Motor
- Synchronous Motor
- Synchronous Condenser
- Power Flow in Synchronous Motor
- Types of Faults in Alternator
- Miscellaneous Topics
- Electrical Generator
- Determining Electric Motor Load
- Solid State Motor Starters
- Characteristics of Single-Phase Motor
- Types of AC Generators
- Three-Point Starter
- Four-Point Starter
- Ward Leonard Speed Control Method
- Pole Changing Method
- Stator Voltage Control Method
- DOL Starter
- Star-Delta Starter
- Hysteresis Motor
- 2-Phase & 3-Phase AC Servo Motors
- Repulsion Motor
- Reluctance Motor
- Stepper Motor
- PCB Motor
- Single-Stack Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
- Schrage Motor
- Hybrid Schrage Motor
- Multi-Stack Variable Reluctance Stepper Motor
- Universal Motor
- Step Angle in Stepper Motor
- Stepper Motor Torque-Pulse Rate Characteristics
- Distribution Factor
- Electrical Machines Basic Terms
- Synchronizing Torque Coefficient
- Synchronizing Power Coefficient
- Metadyne
- Motor Soft Starter
- CVT vs PT
- Metering CT vs Protection CT
- Stator and Rotor in Electrical Machines
- Electric Motor Winding
- Electric Motor
- Useful Resources
- Quick Guide
- Resources
- Discussion
Characteristics of Single Phase Motor
There are various types of single phase motor. Depending upon their construction and operation, they are having different characteristics. Let us discuss characteristics of each single phase motor one-by-one.
Characteristics of Split-Phase Induction Motor
The single phase split-phase induction motor has following characteristics −
- The starting torque of split phase induction motor is 1.5 to 2 times of the rated fullload torque and the starting current is 6 to 8 times of the full load current.
- The cost of split phase induction motors is very low, due to which these are very popular in the market.
- The starting winding of split phase induction motor is made of fine wire, thus the current density is very high and the winding heats up quickly. Therefore, this type of single phase motor is suitable where starting period is small.
- These motors are used in applications where moderate starting torque is required and where starting period is small.
- The power rating of such motors lie between 60W to 250W.
Characteristics of Capacitor-Start Motor
- The capacitor start motor has better starting characteristics than that of split phase motor.
- The phase angle between starting winding current and main winding current is about 80°. Therefore, the starting winding of a capacitor start motor heats up less quickly and therefore, is well suited for applications involving prolonged starting period.
- The capacitor start motors are used in the applications where high starting torque is required and where the starting period may be long.
- The power rating of capacitor start motors lie between 120W and 750W.
Characteristics of Capacitor-Start and Capacitor-Run Motor
- In case of capacitor-start and capacitor-run motor, the starting winding and the capacitor can be designed for perfect two-phase operation at any load. Thus, this motor produces a constant torque.
- Because of constant torque, the capacitor-start and capacitor-run motor is vibration free.
Characteristics of Shaded-Pole Motor
- The principle characteristics of shaded-pole motor is the extremely simple construction and absence of centrifugal switch.
- These motors are suitable only for low power applications because of their very low starting torque, efficiency and power factor.
- These motors are available in power ratings upto about 30W.
Characteristics of AC series Motor (or Universal Motor)
The AC series motor or universal motor has following characteristics −
- The speed of universal motor increases with a decrease in load, i.e. has high speed at no-load.
- The universal motor has a high starting torque.
- At full load, the power factor of universal motor is about 90%. However, at the start and overload, the power factor is relatively lower.
Characteristics of Single-Phase Repulsion Motor
- The single-phase repulsion motor has a high starting torque and a high speed at noload.
- At any given load, the speed developed by the repulsion motor depends upon the position of the brushes.
- The single-phase repulsion motor draws a low starting current as compared to other single phase motors.
Characteristics of Repulsion-Start Induction-Run Motor
- The starting torque of repulsion-start induction-run motor is about 2.5 to 4.5 times of the full-load torque.
- The starting current is about 3.75 times of the full-load current.
- Because of their high staring torque, these motors are used to drive devices like pump, compressors etc.
- These motor posed a serious problem of maintenance of centrifugal switch, commutator and brushes.
Characteristics of Repulsion-Induction Motor
- The no-load speed of repulsion induction motor is slightly above the synchronous speed because of the effect of repulsion winding.
- The full-load speed of repulsion induction motor is slightly less than the synchronous speed just like in an induction motor.
- These motors have about 6% speed regulation.
- The starting current is about 3 to 4 times of the full-load current.
- The starting torque is about 2.25 to 3 times of the full-load torque and may be lower for large motors.
- This type of motor is suitable for applications which requires a high starting torque and a constant running speed.
- These motors are available in power ratings from 0.25 to 0.5 h.p.
Characteristics of Reluctance Motor
- The reluctance motors have poor power factor, torque and efficiency.
- The high inertia loads cannot be accelerated to synchronous speed by these motors.
- These motors have weak pull-in and pull-out torque.
- These motors are cheaper than other types of single phase motors.
- The reluctance motors are used in constant-speed applications.
Characteristics of Hysteresis Motor
- The hysteresis motors have uniform torque from standstill to synchronous speed. Therefore, they can synchronise any load which it can accelerate without affected by its inertia.
- A hysteresis motor is quiet and produces smooth rotation, because of the absence of teeth on the rotor or salient poles or windings.
- In the hysteresis motor, the rotor takes the same number of poles as the stator field. Therefore, by changing the number of stator poles through pole-changing connections, a set of synchronous speeds can be obtained.
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